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How to define horizontal, vertical and diagonal dots \ldots,\cdots,\vdots and \ddots
To define dots in Latex, use:
– \ ldots for horizontal dots on the line
– \ cdots for horizontal dots above the line
– \ vdots for vertical dots
– \ ddots for diagonal dots
Here are some examples:
$$ \Sigma=\left[ \begin{array}{ccc} \sigma_{11} & \cdots & \sigma_{1n} \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ \sigma_{n1} & \cdots & \sigma_{nn} \end{array} \right] $$
$$
\Sigma=\left[
\begin{array}{ccc}
\sigma_{11} & \cdots & \sigma_{1n} \\
\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
\sigma_{n1} & \cdots & \sigma_{nn}
\end{array}
\right]
$$
$$\forall p=1,\ldots,n.$$
$$\forall p=1,\ldots,n.$$